Which type of stone accounts for 80% of all renal calculi?

Calcium stones are the most prevalent type of renal calculi, constituting approximately 80% of all cases. These stones primarily form from calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate, with calcium oxalate being the most common variant. Factors contributing to the formation of calcium stones include dehydration, dietary choices, and certain metabolic disorders that increase calcium levels in the urine.

The formation mechanisms for calcium stones can be multifactorial, involving supersaturation of urine with calcium and oxalate, as well as other environmental and genetic influences. Recognizing this predominant type of stone is essential for effective diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies in patients with a history of kidney stones.

In contrast, struvite stones are less common and typically associated with urinary tract infections; uric acid stones are related to high levels of uric acid, often seen in conditions like gout; and cystine stones are rare and occur due to a genetic disorder leading to excess cystine in the urine. Therefore, understanding that calcium stones account for such a significant proportion of renal calculi is critical for the AGACNP in providing appropriate care and guidance to patients at risk.