What serological markers indicate chronic Hepatitis B infection?

The presence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), along with antibodies to Hepatitis B core antigen (Anti-HBc) and Hepatitis B e antigen (Anti-HBe), is critical in indicating a chronic Hepatitis B infection. HBsAg confirms active infection, while the presence of Anti-HBc signifies exposure to the virus over time.

In chronic Hepatitis B infection, patients may develop Anti-HBe as the disease progresses, indicating a change in the patient's immune response to the virus. Additionally, the presence of both IgM and IgG antibodies provides further information about the phase of the infection, as IgM typically appears during acute infection, while IgG can be seen in chronic cases.

Collectively, these markers illustrate the ongoing presence of the virus and the body's immune response, which is essential for diagnosing chronic Hepatitis B infection accurately.