What condition is characterized by excessive urine output and low sodium levels?

The condition characterized by excessive urine output and low sodium levels is Diabetes Insipidus. In this disorder, the body either fails to produce enough of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or the kidneys do not respond adequately to ADH, leading to the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine. This excessive urination disrupts the body's ability to concentrate urine and can lead to significant fluid loss, ultimately resulting in low sodium levels (hyponatremia).

The low sodium levels are a consequence of the inability of the kidneys to conserve water, leading to a dilution of serum sodium as the body loses more water than electrolytes. Consequently, patients may experience symptoms such as increased thirst and dehydration as they attempt to compensate for the fluid loss.

Other conditions listed may have varying impacts on urine output and sodium levels but do not fit the specific combination of excessive urine output and low sodium. For example, hypothyroidism typically does not present with high urine output or hyponatremia. Adrenal insufficiency often manifests with low sodium but typically does not feature excessive urine output as a primary symptom. Chronic kidney disease usually results in impaired urine output rather than excessive output.